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The Program for International Studies (PISA) is a global study commissioned by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in member and non-member countries to assess education systems by measuring the academic performance of 15-year-old schoolchildren. . in math, science and reading.

It was held for the first time in 2000 and repeated every three years. Its purpose is to provide comparative data to enable countries to improve education policies and outcomes. It measures problem solving and knowledge.

Education Ratings By State

PISA and similar internationally standardized assessments of educational achievement are increasingly used in education policy processes at national and international levels.

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PISA is designed to put into a wider context the information provided by national monitoring of the performance of education systems through regular assessments in a general and international context; by examining relationships between student learning and other factors, they “can provide insight into the sources of variation in performance within and across countries.”

Until the 1990s, several European countries used national testing. In the 1990s, t countries/regions introduced standardized assessments, and since the early 2000s, more countries have followed suit. In 2009, only five European education systems did not have national student assessments.

The impact of these internationally standardized assessments in the field of education policy is wide-ranging, in terms of creating new knowledge, changes in assessment policy, and external influences on national education policy.

Mons points out that the database created by large-scale international evaluations has enabled adjustments and comparisons of education systems on an unprecedented scale* on issues ranging from mathematics and reading instruction to school autonomy. admission policy..

Programme For International Student Assessment

They allow for typologies that can be used for comparative statistical analyzes of educational performance indicators, thus highlighting the consequences of different policy choices. They gained new knowledge about education: PISA results are deeply connected to educational practices, such as early observation of students in vocational or academic orientations.

Barroso and de Carvalho see PISA as providing a common definition that connects academic research in education and the political field of public policy, acting as an intermediary between the fields of knowledge in education and public policy.

Emerging research suggests that internationally standardized assessment influences national assessment policies and practices. PISA is integrated into national policy and practice on assessment, evaluation, curriculum standards and performance indicators; its assessment system and institutions are used as best practice models to improve national assessment; many countries have clearly incorporated and emphasized PISA-like competitions in their revised national education standards and curricula; others use PISA data to supplement national data and benchmark national results against an international benchmark.

More important than its impact on countries’ student assessment policies are the ways in which PISA influences countries’ education policy choices.

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Policymakers in most participating countries view PISA as an important indicator of system performance; PISA reports can identify policy issues and set the agenda for national policy discussions; Policy makers seem to accept PISA as a valid and reliable tool for international benchmarking system performance and changes over time; Most countries – whether performing above, above or below the PISA average – have initiated policy reforms in response to PISA reports.

In contrast, the impact on national education systems varies greatly. For example, in Germany, the results of the first PISA assessment caused the so-called “PISA shock”: questioning the previously adopted educational policy; In a state where local politics were jealously guarded, it eventually led to all localities agreeing to create common national standards and an institutional framework to enforce them.

As many countries set national indicators based on their relative ranking or absolute PISA score, PISA assessments have increased the influence of their (unelected) commissioning body, the OECD, as an international education monitoring and policy actor, which represents an important point. the level of “policy transfer” from the international level to the national level; In particular, PISA “has a strong normative influence on the direction of national education policy”.

Therefore, it is argued that the use of international standardized assessment has led to a shift towards international, external responsibility for the functioning of the national system; Rey points out that PISA, which appears as an objective third-party assessment of the education system, actually serves to promote specific educational guidelines.

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National policy actors refer to high-performing PISA countries to “help legitimize and legitimize their reform agendas within contentious national policy debates.”

PISA data can be used “to fuel long-standing debates about past conflicts or rivalries between different policy options, such as the French-Belgian Community.”

In such cases, PISA assessment data are used selectively: in public debate, governments often use only superficial indicators of PISA studies, such as country rankings, rather than detailed analyses. Rey (2010:145, Greger, 2008) states that the actual results of PISA assessments are often ignored because policy makers selectively refer to the data to justify policies introduced for other reasons.

Furthermore, international comparisons of PISA can be used to justify reforms for which the data themselves are not available; For example, in Portugal, PISA data were used to justify new teacher evaluation measures (based on outcomes not supported by the assessment and data itself); they also ate the government’s word for a year on the issue of repeating pupils (which, according to studies, did not improve learning outcomes).

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In Finland, the country’s PISA results (considered authoritative in other countries) were used by ministers to introduce new policies for “gifted” students.

Such applications and interpretations often assume causal relationships that cannot be legitimately based on PISA data, which require careful investigation through in-depth qualitative research and longitudinal studies, often based on mixed quantitative and qualitative methods.

Decades have seen the expansion of the use of PISA and similar assessments, from assessing student learning to “linking the field of education (their traditional responsibility) with the political field.”

This raises the question of whether PISA data are reliable enough to carry the weight of major policy decisions based on them, as Breakspear argues that PISA data are “more focused on defining and assessing the main goals of the system” than national/federal. education”.

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These PISA test takers – for example. in choosing what content to value and what not to value—has considerable power to set the terms of educational debate and drive educational reform in many countries around the world.

PISA follows the tradition of international school surveys conducted by the International Association for the Assessment of Educational Achievement (IEA) since the late 1950s. Much of the PISA methodology is modeled after the Scores in International Mathematics and Science Survey (TIMSS, launched in 1995), which in turn was heavily influenced by the US National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). The learning component of PISA is inspired by the IEA’s Progress in International Learning Research (PIRLS).

The PISA test of mathematical literacy asks students to use their mathematical knowledge to solve problems in a real-world context. Solving problems requires students to activate a range of mathematical skills as well as a wide range of mathematical knowledge. On the other hand, TIMSS, understanding fractions and decimals and the relationship between them (curriculum, access to lessons). PISA aims to measure the application of education to life problems and lifelong learning (workforce education).

In the reading test, “OECD/PISA extt does not measure whether 15-year-old students read fluently or how competitive they are on word recognition or spelling tasks.” Instead, they must be able to “construct, extract, and reflect on the meaning of what they read in a variety of texts without interruption and continuity.”

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PISA also assesses students in innovative fields. In 2012 and 2015, he was tested in reading, math and science subjects separately. In 2018, the modern field of high competition became global.

PISA tested students are between 15 years and 3 months and 16 years and 2 months at the start of the assessment period. The academic year in which the student is enrolled is not taken into account. Only school students are tested, not homeschoolers. However, in PISA 2006, several countries also used the method of selecting students by class. This made it possible to examine how age and school year are related to each other.

Each country must recruit at least 5,000 students to meet OECD requirements. Smaller countries like Iceland and Luxembourg, with fewer than 5,000 students a year, are testing age groups of three. Some countries used samples that were much larger than necessary to allow comparisons between regions.

Each student takes a two-hour computer test. One section of the exam is multiple choice and the other is a multiple choice section. There is six and a half hours of assessment material, but not every student is tested on all sections. After the cognitive test, participating students spent about an hour answering a questionnaire about their study habits, motivations, and family. School administration fills

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