Philosophy Of Education Phd

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Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, Ph.D. or DPhil; Latin: philosophiae doctor or doctor philosophiae) is the most common degree at the highest academic level, awarded after studies. Doctorates are awarded for programs in all academic fields. Being a research degree earned, doctoral candidates must produce original research that expands the frontiers of knowledge, usually in the form of a dissertation, and present their work to a panel of other experts in the field. In many fields, obtaining a doctorate is often necessary for employment as a university professor, researcher, or researcher.

Persons who have obtained a Doctor of Philosophy degree may use the title Doctor (often shortened to “Dr” or “Dr.”) with their name in many jurisdictions, although the etiquette associated with this usage may also pertain to a professional. the ethics of their scientific field, culture or society. Those who teach at universities or work in academia, education or research are often addressed by this title “professionally and socially as a greeting or conversation”.

Philosophy Of Education Phd

Alternatively, holders may use initials such as “Ph.D.”, “PhD” or “DPhil” (depending on the granting institution). However, it is considered incorrect to use the title and surname at the same time.

Doctor Of Philosophy

The specific requirements for obtaining a doctorate vary considerably by country, institution and time period, from experimental-level research degrees to advanced doctorates. During studies leading to a degree, a student is called a doctoral study or a doctoral student; a student who has completed all comprehensive courses and exams and is working on their thesis/dissertation is sometimes referred to as a doctoral or doctoral student (see all except dissertation). A student who achieves this level can earn a Bachelor of Philosophy degree or a Master’s degree up to a Ph.D. in some institutions. This status is sometimes colloquially known as “PhD ABD”, which means “everything but dissertation”.

The doctoral candidate must submit a project, thesis or dissertation, often consisting of original academic research, that is, in principle, worthy of publication in a peer-reviewed journal.

In many countries, the candidate must carry out this work before a committee of experts appointed by the university. Universities sometimes award other types of doctorates in addition to the Ph.D., such as the Doctor of Musical Arts (D.M.A.) for musical artists, the Doctor of Jurisprudence (S.J.D.) for legal scholars, and the Doctor of Education (Ed. D. ) for educational studies. . In 2005, the Association of European Universities defined the “Salzburg Principles”, 10 basic principles for higher degrees (doctorates) under the Bologna process.

These were followed in 2016 by the “Florce Principles”, the basic principles for the Doctor of Arts degree established by the European League of Arts, supported by the Association of European Conservatories and the International Film and Television Association. Schools, International Association of Universities and Colleges of Art, Design and Media and Association for Art Studies.

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In the context of Doctor of Philosophy and other similarly titled degrees, the term “philosophy” does not refer to a field of philosophy or an academic discipline, but is used in a broader sense in keeping with its original Greek meaning of “love”. “. of wisdom.” In most of Europe, all fields (history, philosophy, social sciences, mathematics, and philosophy/natural sciences)

In addition to theology, law and medicine (the so-called professional, vocational or technical curriculum) were traditionally known as philosophy, and in Germany and elsewhere in Europe the main liberal arts faculty was known as the “faculty of philosophy”.

The degree is abbreviated PhD (sometimes Ph.D. in the US), from the Latin word Philosophiae Doctor, pronounced as three separate letters (/p iː eɪ tʃ d iː /, PEE -aych-DEE ).

In medieval European universities, teaching took place in four faculties: the basic faculty of arts and three higher faculties of theology, medicine and law (canon law and civil law). All these faculties awarded secondary degrees (Bachelor of Arts, Theology, Law, Medicine) and postgraduate degrees. Originally, the titles of Master and Doctor were used interchangeably for the final degrees – the title of Doctor was a mere formality given to a teacher/master of the arts – but in the late Middle Ages the terms Magister and Doctor of Theology /Divinity were used, Doctor of Laws and Doctor of Medicine became standard in most places (although German and Italian universities used the medical term for all faculties).

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Doctorates in higher faculties differed somewhat from doctorates today in that they were awarded for advanced scholarships rather than original research. No thesis or original work was required, only residency and exam requirements. In addition to these diplomas, there was a lictiat. It was originally a license to teach, issued shortly before a master’s or doctoral degree was awarded by the diocese in which the university was located, but later evolved into an academic degree in its own right, especially at continental universities.

The Doctor of Philosophy degree was developed in Germany in the 17th century (around 1652) as the main post of teaching. Germany did not have a doctorate until the 1650s (where it gradually began to replace the master’s degree as the highest academic degree; one of the first German doctoral students is Erhard Weigel (Dr. phil. hab., Leipzig, 1652).

In theory, the entire course of study can lead sequentially, for example, to a Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Arts, Masters or Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Medicine or Doctor of Medicine, but before obtaining the first degree. there have been many exceptions to this in the modern era. Most students left the university without obtaining the title of Master of Letters, while the regulars (members of monastic orders) could tirelessly skip the Faculty of Letters.

The situation changed through educational reforms in Germany in the early 19th century, manifested most strongly in the model of the University of Berlin, founded and controlled by the Prussian government in 1810. The Faculty of Letters, which in Germany was called the Faculty of Philosophy. , began to demand contributions to scientific research,

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Thesis to give them the final degree, which was called a Doctor of Philosophy (abbreviated as Ph.D.) – originally just a German master’s degree. While in the Middle Ages the Faculty of Letters had a fixed curriculum based on the trivium and quadrivium, in the 19th century all fields of study of the disciplines today called sciences and humanities had already entered it.

These reforms proved to be extremely successful, and German universities soon began to attract foreign students, mainly from the United States. American students went to Germany to obtain their doctorates after studying for a bachelor’s degree at an American college. This practice was so influential that it was imported to the United States, where in 1861 Yale University began awarding doctorates to junior students who, after earning a bachelor’s degree, completed the prescribed degree program and successfully defended a dissertation or thesis. doctoral programs containing original research in the sciences or humanities.

In Germany, the name of the doctorate was adapted after the division of the Faculty of Philosophy – e.g. Dr. re. nat. for PhDs in the Faculty of Natural Sciences – but in most of the Glish-speaking world the name “Doctor of Philosophy” has been retained for PhDs in all disciplines.

Doctorates and similar honors spread across Europe in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The degree was introduced in France in 1808, replacing diplomas as the highest academic degree; To Russia in 1819, where the Nauk doctoral degree, roughly equivalent to a doctorate, gradually began to replace the professional degree, roughly equivalent to a master’s degree, as the highest academic degree; and in Italy, in 1927, doctorates gradually began to replace the Laureate as the highest academic degree.

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Research degrees first appeared in the UK in the late 19th century in the form of Doctor of Science (DSc or ScD) and other “higher doctorates”. The University of London introduced the DSc in 1860, but as an advanced course directly following the BSc, rather than a research degree. The first advanced doctorate in the modern SS was the Durham University DSc, introduced in 1882.

Other universities soon followed, including the University of Cambridge, which established the ScD in the same year, and the University of London, which changed its doctorate to a research degree in 1885. However, these were very advanced degrees, not degrees of research training. At the doctoral level – Harold Jeffreys said that getting a PhD from Cambridge is “more or less equivalent to submitting to the Royal Society”.

Finally, in 1917, the current Ph.D., modeled after the American and German models, was introduced and quickly became popular among British and foreign breeds.

British universities still have the slightly older Doctor of Science and Doctor of Letters/Literature degrees; along with the much older degrees of Doctor of Divinity (DD), Doctor of

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